Classical Criminology vs. Biological Determinism Essay

Classical Criminology vs. Biological Determinism - Essay ExampleHuman beings in his theory are believed to be hedonistic, acting in terms of their own self-interest, they are rational and are fit to consider the course of action that is really in their self-interest. In On Crimes and Punishments, Beccaria stays that in just society punishments ought to be proportional to the degree of crime, they ought to bring to mind the crime in the mind of observes, to strengthen the connection in the peoples mind among the crime and the punishment. Beccaria, p. 13-15Beccarias Classical Criminology claims that people by their nature are selfish and pursue their self-interest they want to avoid pain and increase their happiness Ellis, L. & Walsh, A., p. 17-18 Also they are rational, capable of calculating what is really in their self-interest, and therefore can be considered to be free Beccaria, p.7-8Biological determinism, appeared in the 1920s, stays that biological factors such as an organis ms individual genes completely realize how a system be rushs or changes over time. Gibson, M., p.34 Considering certain benignant sort, for example, committing murder, biological determinism look only at innate factors, such as genetic makeup, ignoring non-innate factors, such as social customs and expectations, education, and physical environment.As for the human nature, Lombroso thinks that all human behavior is innate and cannot be changed or altered. The theory of biological determinism claims that humans - their appearance, behavior, and even long-term requirement - are entirely determined by genes Ellis, L. & Walsh, A., p.36. Biological determinists deny that effects of environmental variables on a gene, and a single mutation can have far-reaching effects on the phenotype. Lombroso also states that everything in a person innate. According to his theory, the criminals cannot be reformed - they were born that way, that suggest a kind of defense for the criminal. Lombroso, C. , p.17 Moreover, biological determinism divorces human action from human responsibility, where the blame for actions is placed on the genes exclusively it also negates the idea of free will entirely, because all behavior is said to be controlled by the genes. Based on the theory of the social contact, Beccaria suggests that if people lived without government, their interests would conflict and their lives be that of perpetual war. There would be no secure and hence little happiness. Beccaria, C., p.117-119 So that, he continues to think that therefore, people agree to give up almost of their freedom for the sake of their overall security and happiness - they make promises not to do some activities, but do others. These promises he calls laws, and stays that laws are the terms under which independent and isolated men come together in society, in effectuate to enjoy what remains in security and calm Beccaria, C., p.39.Beccaria says that peoples behavior need to be controlled by the government with the help of laws, while biological determinism assume that human behavior is governed by the genes, and the environment here is not at all important in the determination of appearance, behavior, and functionality. Ellis, L. & Walsh, A., p. 76As for the government, Classical Criminology (Caesar Beccaria, in particular) perceives it as the sum of the individual promises - so that, people have created the government in order to defend their mutual promises by laws and